When the going gets tough, ecosystems adapt

The video gaming industry is a dynamic and prolific force, with a global market that has been valued at nearly $200 billion for several consecutive years. A steadily increasing number of gamers, spanning across generations, engage with video games through traditional consoles and PCs, as well as the multitude of apps available for smartphones. This industry has drawn the interest of tech giants such as Amazon, Apple, Google and Microsoft. There are also strong synergies between game and film studios. Notable examples of this trend include adaptations like "The Super Mario Bros. Movie" and TV series like "The Last of Us" and "Fallout." These developments underscore the challenge that video games pose to the dominant position of traditional video entertainment. Furthermore, gaming is evolving into a true mass medium, with far-reaching social implications (The Economist, Special Report on Video Games, 2023).

The dynamic nature of the video game industry has sparked significant interest among scholars in strategy and economics, who are drawn to its complex business model. This industry serves as a compelling example of a platform ecosystem, where users interact with games developed by various creators on a specific platform. As this ecosystem expands, it amplifies its value proposition for gamers, encouraging developers to participate and invest in crafting new gaming experiences, thus heightening competition for players' attention.

Extensive literature now illustrates that the success of a platform strategy hinges on its adeptness at capitalizing on both direct and indirect network effects. This fosters a self-perpetuating cycle of growth that benefits both gamers and developers alike, underlining the symbiotic relationship between them. Exploring the functioning of such ecosystems of gamers and developers raises intriguing questions: How can innovativeness be nurtured within the ecosystem? Is there a trade-off between the size of the ecosystem and its innovativeness, or can a larger ecosystem foster the creation of more innovative games? Who reaps the rewards of a larger ecosystem? In a paper titled "User Preferences and Strategic Interactions in Platform Ecosystems," co-authored with Carmelo Cennamo, we delve into the economic forces that drive platform ecosystems, shedding light on these critical questions.

We present a formal model that acknowledges the critical role of game quality, encompassing innovativeness and novelty, alongside quantity and variety of available games in attracting gamers. In this context, the strategic challenge of nurturing the game developer ecosystem to incentivize investments in quality emerges as paramount. Our model highlights that gamers' preferences for both the quality and size of the ecosystem significantly influence the strategies of platforms and developers, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our analysis underscores the importance of demand-side economies of scale as the primary driver of developer incentives, stemming from the innovativeness of available games. With increasing returns to scale, an expanding ecosystem yields greater benefits for gamers and developers alike, fostering a positive correlation between size and innovativeness. However, we also identify scenarios where gamers' preferences may lead to a trade-off, wherein developers in larger ecosystems invest less in innovativeness, resulting in diminished gains.

Moreover, we uncover strategic implications across different phases of the ecosystem's development, as gamer preferences oscillate between valuing quality and ecosystem size. Initially, early adopters with a keen eye for quality are more inclined to join the platform, whereas later entrants prioritize the ecosystem's scale. This underscores the importance of adaptive strategies that resonate with evolving user preferences throughout the ecosystem's journey. Addressing the question of how to cultivate an innovative ecosystem of gamers and developers necessitates a nuanced approach. It involves bridging the desires of gamers with the actions of developers, while also adapting to the ecosystem's evolving dynamics. This requires a delicate balance of understanding what drives gamer engagement, fostering an environment conducive to developer innovation, and flexibly adjusting strategies to meet the evolving demands of the ecosystem.